Miles Davis

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风格: #硬波普　#波普　#冷爵士　#融合爵士　#爵士摇滚　#后波普　#调式爵士　#爵士放克
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小号手，爵士乐演奏家，作曲家，指挥家，20世纪最有影响力的音乐人之一。

二战以后每一次爵士乐发展运动，戴维斯都站在最前线。他是冷酷爵士乐创始人，也是最早演奏波普爵士乐的爵士音乐家之一。随着爵士乐逐渐被人们所接受，戴维斯的作品的影响力逐渐扩大。台上戴维斯衣冠楚楚，这与早期爵士乐家懒散的装束有着很大的不同。戴维斯的音乐绵软无力，旋律优美。但同时，他又是一个脾气暴躁的人。爵士乐不仅给戴维斯带来了不朽的声誉，同时也给他带来了滚滚财源。他成为了成功音乐人的典范。

1926年出生的Miles Davis早年去茱利亚音乐学院深造过，但在求学期间就混迹于当地酒吧，并于18岁时录制了首张唱片《First Miles》，1946年，Miles Davis和Gene Ammons合作出了Bebop风格的《Bopping the Blue》，在当时如果你没有Charlie Parker的号召力是很难出头的，Miles Davis在Parker乐队里无法与Parker站在同一高度，为Charlie Parker录唱片的Ross Russell还责怪Miles Davis学习得太慢，但在《Charlie Parker On Dial Vol 4》中，Miles Davis表现出温柔、深思的情绪状态。或许受不了前辈们的轻视，Miles Davis于1947年离开了Charlie Parker，正好逢遇日后也在爵士界举足轻重的编曲家Gil Evans，俩人一谈音乐便很投机，并一起合作了代表一代乐风的Cool专辑《Birth of the Cool》，尽管在这之前钢琴手Lennie Tristano有过类似的尝试。　　有一种说法总是贬低Miles Davis：这个人技巧平平，远不及Dizzy Gillespie。可能这是Miles Davis刚入道时的恶劣名声造成的，虽然Miles Davis并非整个爵士乐坛最出色的小号手。但他的思想远远弥补了他的天生弱点，甚至于Davis还创造了一种特殊的表达。听Miles Davis不会觉得只有表面的东西，他太会令你出奇不意了。

在1948年Miles Davis率领的那支九重奏只是一支幕间休息时穿场的乐队，那时的Royal Roost俱乐部是贝西伯爵的天下。九重奏里包括Gerry Mulligan、Lee Konitz、John Lewis、Max Roach这些未来大将。而在这期间，Davis的小号风格更靠近Dizzy Gillespie和Fats Navarro，强调中音区域，音乐更柔和而富有思考性。有意思的是Miles Davis后来还安排Charlie Parker和Sonny Rollins在他的专辑《Collector's Item》中一起演奏。

1951-1954年间，Miles Davis的生活令人捉摸不透，这期间他很少录音，但几乎都是经典，譬如在Blue Note公司录制的《Miles Davis Vol1》和《Miles Davis Vol2》。在五十年代很时尚的乐手中，Gerry Mulligan、Lee Konitz等人皆从Miles Davis那里沐浴到了阳光，那时加州流行Chet Baker闭着眼温柔地演唱“我可笑的情人节”，Miles Davis自然没有这样甜蜜和伤感，他也有点厌烦了乐坛，人都是在不自觉中离自己越来越远，Miles Davis不愿意被人推着走，他要走自己的路。有什么能引起他极大的兴趣呢?在家乡圣路易斯表演吗?继续以全明星的阵容横空出世吗?他的第一批大弟子们一个个都出名成家，他辉煌的第二批弟子们要到60年代才光彩夺目。五十年代对于Miles Davis来说是沉重的，他的健康状况一直不好，不过他几度沉沦又浮起正是从五十年代开始的。一个人一生中能有几次高潮与低潮，下去了还缓得过来吗?但Miles Davis有五次事业高峰，人的精力有限决定了人生在于大多数人只能靠惯性生活，Miles Davis看来是奇迹了。

一九五○年后期开始，有些音乐家也逐渐地对于成串的和絃与密集的和声节奏感到疲乏，并非做不到，而是希望能有更多的空间，让即兴平台的限制少一点，可以发挥的尺度大一点。

当代爵士乐的领航者Miles Davis，一直就是嗅觉敏锐的先锋，他对于新声响的追求，往往是不遗馀力的，他希望能「用智不用力」—与其用尽力气吹高吹快，不如想办法从和絃声响中找出闪闪发亮的声音。然而只有一个音改变，整体架构不变，对Miles而言可说是隔靴搔痒，所以大家就开始朝新的曲子创作上下手。

Miles所采取的方式，是让节奏组（Rhythm Section）维持摇摆律动及咆勃的互动模式，却将和声节奏（Harmonic Rhythm）拉长，用一个音阶或两个音阶来驰骋于为数极少的和絃上头，常见的调式，其实也是音阶的衍生而已。然而就如同「Kind Of Blue」中之《So What》一曲一样，创作是这样发想的，然而即兴仍是各凭本事，也就是乐手有更大的空间来达成他心目中想要的声音，而搭配的伙伴，也要打蛇随棍上才行。

很多人因为聆听的感觉，将相近时期、重迭乐手的酷派爵士（Cool Jazz）冠于这些作品之中，然而这却是以偏盖全的说法。调式爵士（Modal Jazz）指的，应是创作、即兴的手法，而酷派爵士（Cool Jazz）是指诠释出的风味及聆听者的感觉，前者是指内容成份，后者为感觉形容。

更何况，根据 Cool Jazz还比Modal Jazz手法出现稍早一点点，已经是一个被定义的专有名词了！当然，一切还是要以音乐家的内在与外在综观来探讨解析，无法管中窥豹。

例︰《So What》–Miles Davis「Kind Of Blue」、《Impressions》–John Coltrane「Impressions」、《Maiden Voyage》–Herbie Hancock「Maiden Voyage」、《Speak No Evil》–Wayne Shorter「Speak No Evil」

Throughout a professional career lasting 50 years, Miles Davis played the trumpet in a lyrical, introspective, and melodic style, often employing a stemless Harmon mute to make his sound more personal and intimate. But if his approach to his instrument was constant, his approach to jazz was dazzlingly protean. To examine his career is to examine the history of jazz from the mid-40s to the early 90s, since he was in the thick of almost every important innovation and stylistic development in the music during that period, and he often led the way in those changes, both with his own performances and recordings and by choosing sidemen and collaborators who forged new directions. It can even be argued that jazz stopped evolving when Davis wasnt there to push it forward.

Davis was the son of a dental surgeon, Dr. Miles Dewey Davis, Jr., and a music teacher, Cleota Mae (Henry) Davis, and thus grew up in the black middle class of east St. Louis after the family moved there shortly after his birth. He became interested in music during his childhood and by the age of 12 began taking trumpet lessons. While still in high school, he started to get jobs playing in local bars and at 16 was playing gigs out of town on weekends. At 17, he joined Eddie Randles Blue Devils, a territory band based in St. Louis. He enjoyed a personal apotheosis in 1944, just after graduating from high school, when he saw and was allowed to sit in with Billy Eckstines big band, who was playing in St. Louis. The band featured trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie and saxophonist Charlie Parker, the architects of the emerging bebop style of jazz, which was characterized by fast, inventive soloing and dynamic rhythm variations. It is striking that Davis fell so completely under Gillespie and Parkers spell, since his own slower and less flashy style never really compared to theirs. But bebop was the new sound of the day, and the young trumpeter was bound to follow it. He did so by leaving the Midwest to attend the Institute of Musical Art in New York City (renamed Juilliard) in September 1944. Shortly after his arrival in Manhattan, he was playing in clubs with Parker, and by 1945 he had abandoned his academic studies for a full-time career as a jazz musician, initially joining Benny Carters band and making his first recordings as a sideman. He played with Eckstine in 1946-1947 and was a member of Parkers group in 1947-1948, making his recording debut as a leader on a 1947 session that featured Parker, pianist John Lewis, bassist Nelson Boyd, and drummer Max Roach. This was an isolated date, however, and Davis spent most of his time playing and recording behind Parker. But in the summer of 1948, he organized a nine-piece band with an unusual horn section. In addition to himself, it featured an alto saxophone, a baritone saxophone, a trombone, a French horn, and a tuba. This nonet, employing arrangements by Gil Evans and others, played for two weeks at the Royal Roost in New York in September. Earning a contract with Capitol Records, the band went into the studio in January 1949 for the first of three sessions which produced 12 tracks that attracted little attention at first. The bands relaxed sound, however, affected the musicians who played it, among them Kai Winding, Lee Konitz, Gerry Mulligan, John Lewis, J.J. Johnson, and Kenny Clarke, and it had a profound influence on the development of the cool jazz style on the West Coast. In February 1957, Capitol finally issued the tracks together on an LP called Birth of the Cool. Davis, meanwhile, had moved on to co-leading a band with pianist Tadd Dameron in 1949, and the group took him out of the country for an appearance at the Paris Jazz Festival in May. But the trumpeters progress was impeded by an addiction to heroin that plagued him in the early 50s. His performances and recordings became more haphazard, but in January 1951 he began a long series of recordings for the Prestige label that became his main recording outlet for the next several years. He managed to kick his habit by the middle of the decade, and he made a strong impression playing Round Midnight at the Newport Jazz Festival in July 1955, a performance that led the major label Columbia Records to sign him. The prestigious contract allowed him to put together a permanent band, and he organized a quintet featuring saxophonist John Coltrane, pianist Red Garland, bassist Paul Chambers, and drummer Philly Joe Jones who began recording his Columbia debut, Round About Midnight, in October. As it happened, however, he had a remaining five albums on his Prestige contract, and over the next year he was forced to alternate his Columbia sessions with sessions for Prestige to fulfill this previous commitment. The latter resulted in the Prestige albums The New Miles Davis Quintet, Cookin, Workin, Relaxin, and Steamin, making Davis first quintet one of his better-documented outfits. In May 1957, just three months after Capitol released the Birth of the Cool LP, Davis again teamed with arranger Gil Evans for his second Columbia LP, Miles Ahead. Playing flügelhorn, Davis fronted a big band on music that extended the Birth of the Cool concept and even had classical overtones. Released in 1958, the album was later inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, intended to honor recordings made before the Grammy Awards were instituted in 1959. In December 1957, Davis returned to Paris, where he improvised the background music for the film LAscenseur pour lEchafaud (Escalator to the Gallows). Jazz Track, an album containing this music, earned him a 1960 Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Performance, Solo, or Small Group. He added saxophonist Cannonball Adderley to his group, creating the Miles Davis Sextet, who recorded the album Milestones in April 1958. Shortly after this recording, Red Garland was replaced on piano by Bill Evans and Jimmy Cobb took over for Philly Joe Jones on drums. In July, Davis again collaborated with Gil Evans and an orchestra on an album of music from Porgy and Bess. Back in the sextet, Davis began to experiment with modal playing, basing his improvisations on scales rather than chord changes. This led to his next band recording, Kind of Blue, in March and April 1959, an album that became a landmark in modern jazz and the most popular disc of Davis career, eventually selling over two million copies, a phenomenal success for a jazz record. In sessions held in November 1959 and March 1960, Davis again followed his pattern of alternating band releases and collaborations with Gil Evans, recording Sketches of Spain, containing traditional Spanish music and original compositions in that style. The album earned Davis and Evans Grammy nominations in 1960 for Best Jazz Performance, Large Group, and Best Jazz Composition, More Than 5 minutes; they won in the latter category.

By the time Davis returned to the studio to make his next band album in March 1961, Adderley had departed, Wynton Kelly had replaced Bill Evans at the piano, and John Coltrane had left to begin his successful solo career, being replaced by saxophonist Hank Mobley (following the brief tenure of Sonny Stitt). Nevertheless, Coltrane guested on a couple of tracks of the album, called Someday My Prince Will Come. The record made the pop charts in March 1962, but it was preceded into the bestseller lists by the Davis quintets next recording, the two-LP set Miles Davis in Person (Friday & Saturday Nights at the Blackhawk, San Francisco), recorded in April. The following month, Davis recorded another live show, as he and his band were joined by an orchestra led by Gil Evans at Carnegie Hall in May. The resulting Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall was his third LP to reach the pop charts, and it earned Davis and Evans a 1962 Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Performance by a Large Group, Instrumental. Davis and Evans teamed up again in 1962 for what became their final collaboration, Quiet Nights. The album was not issued until 1964, when it reached the charts and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance by a Large Group or Soloist with Large Group. In 1996, Columbia Records released a six-CD box set, Miles Davis & Gil Evans: The Complete Columbia Studio Recordings, that won the Grammy for Best Historical Album. Quiet Nights was preceded into the marketplace by Davis next band effort, Seven Steps to Heaven, recorded in the spring of 1963 with an entirely new lineup consisting of saxophonist George Coleman, pianist Victor Feldman, bassist Ron Carter, and drummer Frank Butler. During the sessions, Feldman was replaced by Herbie Hancock and Butler by Tony Williams. The album found Davis making a transition to his next great group, of which Carter, Hancock, and Williams would be members. It was another pop chart entry that earned 1963 Grammy nominations for both Best Instrumental Jazz Performance by a Soloist or Small Group and Best Instrumental Jazz Performance by a Large Group. The quintet followed with two live albums, Miles Davis in Europe, recorded in July 1963, which made the pop charts and earned a 1964 Grammy nomination for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance by a Small Group or Soloist with Small Group, and My Funny Valentine, recorded in February 1964 and released in 1965, when it reached the pop charts. By September 1964, the final member of the classic Miles Davis Quintet of the 1960s was in place with the addition of saxophonist Wayne Shorter to the team of Davis, Carter, Hancock, and Williams. While continuing to play standards in concert, this unit embarked on a series of albums of original compositions contributed by the band members, starting in January 1965 with E.S.P., followed by Miles Smiles (1967 Grammy nomination for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance by a Small Group or Soloist with Small Group [7 or Fewer]), Sorcerer, Nefertiti, Miles in the Sky (1968 Grammy nomination for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance by a Small Group or Soloist with Small Group), and Filles de Kilimanjaro. By the time of Miles in the Sky, the group had begun to turn to electric instruments, presaging Davis next stylistic turn. By the final sessions for Filles de Kilimanjaro in September 1968, Hancock had been replaced by Chick Corea and Carter by Dave Holland. But Hancock, along with pianist Joe Zawinul and guitarist John McLaughlin, participated on Davis next album, In a Silent Way (1969), which returned the trumpeter to the pop charts for the first time in four years and earned him another small-group jazz performance Grammy nomination. With his next album, Bitches Brew, Davis turned more overtly to a jazz-rock style. Though certainly not conventional rock music, Davis electrified sound attracted a young, non-jazz audience while putting off traditional jazz fans. Bitches Brew, released in March 1970, reached the pop Top 40 and became Davis first album to be certified gold. It also earned a Grammy nomination for Best Instrumental Arrangement and won the Grammy for large-group jazz performance. He followed it with such similar efforts as Miles Davis at Fillmore East (1971 Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Performance by a Group), A Tribute to Jack Johnson, Live-Evil, On the Corner, and In Concert, all of which reached the pop charts. Meanwhile, Davis former sidemen became his disciples in a series of fusion groups: Corea formed Return to Forever, Shorter and Zawinul led Weather Report, and McLaughlin and former Davis drummer Billy Cobham organized the Mahavishnu Orchestra. Starting in October 1972, when he broke his ankles in a car accident, Davis became less active in the early 70s, and in 1975 he gave up recording entirely due to illness, undergoing surgery for hip replacement later in the year. Five years passed before he returned to action by recording The Man With the Horn in 1980 and going back to touring in 1981. By now, he was an elder statesman of jazz, and his innovations had been incorporated into the music, at least by those who supported his eclectic approach. He was also a celebrity whose appeal extended far beyond the basic jazz audience. He performed on the worldwide jazz festival circuit and recorded a series of albums that made the pop charts, including We Want Miles (1982 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance by a Soloist), Star People, Decoy, and Youre Under Arrest. In 1986, after 30 years with Columbia, he switched to Warner Bros. Records and released Tutu, which won him his fourth Grammy for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance. Aura, an album he had recorded in 1984, was released by Columbia in 1989 and brought him his fifth Grammy for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance by a Soloist (on a Jazz Recording). Davis surprised jazz fans when, on July 8, 1991, he joined an orchestra led by Quincy Jones at the Montreux Jazz Festival to perform some of the arrangements written for him in the late 50s by Gil Evans; he had never previously looked back at an aspect of his career. He died of pneumonia, respiratory failure, and a stroke within months. Doo-Bop, his last studio album, appeared in 1992. It was a collaboration with rapper Easy Mo Bee, and it won a Grammy for Best Rhythm & Blues Instrumental Performance, with the track Fantasy nominated for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo. Released in 1993, Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux won Davis his seventh Grammy for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance.

Miles Davis took an all-inclusive, constantly restless approach to jazz that had begun to fall out of favor by the time of his death, even as it earned him controversy during his lifetime. It was hard to recognize the bebop acolyte of Charlie Parker in the flamboyantly dressed leader with the hair extensions who seemed to keep one foot on a wah-wah pedal and one hand on an electric keyboard in his later years. But he did much to popularize jazz, reversing the trend away from commercial appeal that bebop began. And whatever the fripperies and explorations, he retained an ability to play moving solos that endeared him to audiences and demonstrated his affinity with tradition. At a time when jazz is inclining toward academia and repertory orchestras rather than moving forward, he is a reminder of the musics essential quality of boundless invention, using all available means.

Miles Davis　迈尔斯·戴维斯

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Miles Davis 迈尔斯·戴维斯

艺人介绍

热门评论

最新简评（共521条）

Miles Davis　迈尔斯·戴维斯