玛尔塔·阿赫里奇(Martha Argerich,1941-),深孚众望的阿根廷女钢琴家。曾从多位名师学琴,1957年在布索尼和日内瓦钢琴比赛会上获奖,1965年在第七届肖邦钢琴比赛中获一等奖,声誉日高。
她的演奏技巧卓越,热情奔放,以速度见长,拥有很多男钢琴家都难以企及的速度以及技巧,弹奏肖邦二十四首《前奏曲》和拉威尔《G大调钢琴协奏曲》都十分出色。
阿赫里奇是当今最杰出的钢琴家之一。她的演奏好像是一切信手拈来!听到她演奏的普罗科菲耶夫的第三钢琴协奏曲,技术辉煌,她让乐曲变的那么简简单单!不愧是她的保留曲目。这几年,除了上述的室内乐和双钢琴之外,倒是很少见她新的独奏曲目。
1957年,年轻漂亮的女钢琴家玛尔塔·阿赫里奇在几周之内,连续夺得了意大利和瑞士两个国际钢琴大赛的冠军,引起轰动,当时阿赫里奇只有16岁。从此之后,阿赫里奇凭借她精湛卓绝的演奏逐渐成为名满世界的著名钢琴家,而阿赫里奇独特的学琴经历,以及略显古怪的个性,更使得她具有了某种传奇色彩。
关于阿赫里奇最初是为什么开始练钢琴的,一直有很多的说法,其中最为流行的一个是在上幼儿园的时候,一个会弹钢琴的小女孩总是很骄傲的对阿赫里奇说你这也不会那也不会,导致小阿赫里奇很生气,于是立志学习弹钢琴。但是按照阿赫里奇自己的说法是,当她只有两岁八个月左右时,有一天她无意识的在钢琴上按了几个音符,结果使得旁边幼儿园的老师大吃一惊,因为阿赫里奇随手按的已经很成调了,由此阿赫里奇的音乐天分被发现了。
阿赫里奇从三岁开始学琴,进步神速,不过当时毕竟是小孩子,练琴的枯燥有时也会让她非常憎恨钢琴。在阿赫里奇八岁的时候,她的演奏技巧已经达到了独奏的水平。1949年六月,阿赫里奇和布宜诺斯艾利斯管弦乐团合作莫扎特的《第二十钢琴协奏曲》,结果一鸣惊人,甚至惊动了当时阿根廷的总统。据说总统为了让这位神童接受更好的音乐教育,特别将阿赫里奇的父亲派驻维也纳,在那里阿赫里奇得以跟随钢琴家古尔达继续深造。
阿赫里奇从小就显露出非凡的音乐天赋,当时著名的阿劳、鲁宾斯坦等钢琴大师在访问阿根廷的时候都听过小阿赫里奇的演奏,并给予高度的评价。钢琴家吉泽金在听完阿赫里奇的演奏后,还特别叮嘱她的父母亲说,不要对阿赫里奇管束的太严,要多给她一些自由,否则很可能会毁掉一位天才的音乐家。在很多人的关怀呵护之下,阿赫里奇的演奏技巧日臻成熟,同时她对与音乐也有了更多的理解。
1957年,阿赫里奇参加了意大利布索尼国际钢琴比赛,在第一轮淘汰赛之后,阿赫里奇问几位评委:是再见呢,还是永别?评委回答说,是再见。因为阿赫里奇认为自己通不过第一轮比赛,所以根本没有准备第二轮的曲目,在听到评委的回答后,她才开始练习新的作品。最终,阿赫里奇获得了这次比赛的冠军。初次参赛的获胜使得阿赫里奇信心大增,几周之后,她报名参加瑞士日内瓦钢琴比赛,结果她不负众望,再拔头筹。
小时候,阿赫里奇想当一个医生,长大后她又想当一个秘书,在业余的时间可以弹琴消遣消遣。她不想当一个职业演奏家。16岁成名之后的经历让她更加坚定了自己的想法;她不喜欢四处奔波,到处表演的生活。1960年,阿赫里奇退出舞台,结婚生子,在1965年肖邦国际钢琴比赛之前,她甚至已经有三年没有练过琴了。后来在著名钢琴家阿什肯纳奇的妻子斯蒂芬的劝说和帮助之下,阿赫里奇才又重新找到对于钢琴的热情,并再次拿下国际大赛的冠军。
多年来,阿赫里奇凭借她超凡的音乐天赋和精湛的演奏技巧成为了世界瞩目的钢琴家,同时她的我行我素的个性,也受到了人们的关注。据说阿赫里奇有一个习惯,就是每次上台演出前一定要用随身携带的镊子,拔掉前额上几根多余的头发才能找到感觉。有一次,演出马上就要开始了,可是阿赫里奇找来找去也找不到镊子,结果她一气之下就取消了迫在眉睫的音乐会。
阿赫里奇临时取消演出的做法是出了名的,而她取消演出的原因也花样繁多,要不就是找不到镊子,要不就是想看一下取消演出的后果,要不就是怯场。还有一种情况她也会取消演出,就是找不到灵感。在阿赫里奇心里,她希望每一次的演出都是完美的,甚至一首演奏过多次的曲子,她也不希望重复,而是要演绎出新的内涵。
阿赫里奇生于阿根廷,14岁到欧洲接受正统的音乐教育,她的演奏独具个人魅力,又具有传统的风范。据说,阿赫里奇是欧洲移民的后裔,她自己也说她的老家很可能就在克罗地亚,她的祖上很可能是条顿民族。或许正是由于这样的原因,当阿赫里奇在演奏德奥作家激情热烈的作品时,也能淋漓尽致地表现出其中的情感,而不会显得有丝毫的隔膜。
阿赫里奇的演奏技巧非常高超,而她最厉害的一招就是“快”。阿赫里奇不仅读谱快,视奏快,而且她手指的弹奏速度也非常快。比如阿赫里奇在演奏李斯特的奏鸣曲时,左手的八个八度,她用不到一秒钟就弹奏完毕。据说阿赫里奇的速度要比老牌的钢琴快手霍洛维茨还要快上一筹。虽然阿赫里奇的钢琴独奏深受人们的欢迎,但是到了20世纪80年代之后,阿赫里奇很少举办独奏会,而是把重心转向了重奏曲上。
在阿赫里奇的演奏生涯中,曾经有很多的前辈钢琴大师对她进行过指点和帮助,而近几年,阿赫里奇也试图通过创立“阿赫里奇钢琴奖”等方式,来帮助年轻的演奏家。曾有人问阿赫里奇,要想成为一位成功的钢琴家,什么是最重要的?阿赫里奇回答说,首先要热爱音乐,要感觉到和音乐在一起时的幸福,其次要有相当的技巧,因为声音是音乐里最本质的东西,而有些声音想要发出来就需要技巧。同时,要想成功,你还要做到与众不同。
许多钢琴家在年轻时总是激情四射,而随着年龄的增长,阅历的丰富,他们会变得越来越内省,但是阿赫里奇不是这样,从她近几年录制的肖邦,柴科夫斯基的作品中,人们听到的是比以前更为狂放和具有气势的音响。虽然已经年过六旬,阿赫里奇热烈的的个性似乎一直都没有改变,而她的琴声也一如她的人一样继续保持着通透率真的魅力。
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Martha Argerich was born in Buenos Aires. From the age of five, she took piano lessons with Vicenzo Scaramuzza. In 1955 she went to Europe with her family, and received tuition from Friedrich Gulda in Vienna; her teachers also included Nikita Magaloff and Stefan Askenase. Following her first prizes in the piano competitions in Bolzano and Geneva in 1957, she embarked on an intensive programme of concerts. Her victory in the Chopin Competition in Warsaw in 1965 was a decisive step on her path to worldwide recognition.
Martha Argerich rose to fame with her interpretations of the virtuoso piano literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. But she does not regard herself as a specialist in &virtuoso& works - her repertoire ranges from Bach through Beethoven, Schumann, Liszt, Debussy and Ravel, to Bartók.
Martha Argerich has worked as a concert pianist with many famous conductors. She has also attached great importance to chamber music ever since, at the age of 17, she accompanied the violinist Joseph Szigeti - two generations older than herself. She has toured Europe, America and Japan with Gidon Kremer and Mischa Maisky and has also recorded much of the repertory for four hands and for two pianos with the pianists Nelson Freire, Stephen Bishop-Kovacevich, Nicolas Economou and Alexandre Rabinovitch. Martha Argerich has performed at Gidon Kremer's festival in Lockenhaus, at the Munich Piano Summer, the Lucerne Festival and at the Salzburg Festival, where she gave, for instance, a recital with Mischa Maisky in 1993.
She appeared with Claudio Abbado and the Berlin Philharmonic at the 1992 New Year's Eve Concert with Strauss's Burleske and also at the Salzburg Festival at Easter 1993. May 1998 saw the long-awaited musical &summit meeting& between Martha Argerich, Mischa Maisky and Gidon Kremer. On the occasion of a memorial concert for the impresario Reinhard Paulsen, the three artists came together in Japan, where they performed piano trios by Shostakovich and Tchaikovsky (recorded live by DEUTSCHE GRAMMOPHON). In March 2000 Martha Argerich gave her first great solo appearance in almost 20 years in New York's Carnegie Hall.
Martha Argerich has close ties with DEUTSCHE GRAMMOPHON, dating back to 1967. She has recorded prolifically during this period: solo works by Bach, Brahms, Chopin, Liszt and Schumann; concerto recordings of works by Chopin, Liszt, Ravel and Prokofiev with Claudio Abbado, Beethoven with Giuseppe Sinopoli, and Stravinsky's Les Noces with Leonard Bernstein. Her recording of Shostakovich's First and Haydn's Eleventh Piano Concertos with the Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn conducted by Jörg Färber was crowned with the Tokyo RECORD ACADEMY AWARD in 1995 and that of Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 with Claudio Abbado and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra was awarded the CD COMPACT AWARD in 1997.
She has also dedicated herself to chamber music, and has recorded works by Schumann and Chopin with Mstislav Rostropovich, and cello sonatas by both Bach and Beethoven with Mischa Maisky. She has made numerous successful recordings with Gidon Kremer, such as violin sonatas by Schumann and works by Bartók, Janácek and Messiaen (PRIX CAECILIA 1991), and Mendelssohn's concerto for violin and piano with the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. Their recording of Prokofiev sonatas and melodies received the 1992 Tokyo RECORD ACADEMY AWARD, the DIAPASON D'OR 1992 and the EDISON AWARD 1993. One of their most outstanding recording achievements was that of the complete Beethoven violin sonatas (Nos.1-3: RECORD ACADEMY AWARD 1985), which was concluded with the release of the Sonatas op. 47 &Kreutzer& and op. 96 in 1995. Among her more recent releases is the above-mentioned live recording of piano trios by Shostakovich and Tchaikovsky with Mischa Maisky and Gidon Kremer.
Martha Argerich takes a great supportive interest in young artists. In September 1999 the first International &Martha Argerich& Piano Competition took place in Buenos Aires - a competition which does not only carry her name but in which she is president of the jury. In November 1999 the second &Martha Argerich Music Festival& took place in southern Japan, with concerts and masterclasses being given not only by Martha Argerich but also by Mischa Maisky and Nelson Freire among others.
(Deutsche Grammophon)