Bernard Herrmann

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风格: #原声　#电影原声　#电视原声
地区: United States of America 美国

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伯纳德.赫尔曼（Bernard Herrmann）1911年6月29日生于美国纽约市，他毕业于世界知名的朱利亚德学院（The Juilliard School）。毕业后他的主要工作是为当时还不出名的演员奥逊.威尔斯的广播节目配乐，因此他和奥逊.威尔斯也成为好朋友。1941年，奥逊.威尔斯的自编、自导、自演的经典巨著《公民凯恩》也请来赫尔曼配乐，立刻使他跻身于一流作曲家的行列。后来奥逊.威尔斯和琼.方登主演的《简爱》也是由伯纳德.赫尔曼配乐。40年代的赫尔曼创作了很多杰出的音乐作品，1945年他为电影《醉汉广场》所谱写的钢琴协奏曲《死亡主题协奏曲》（Concerto Macabre）可以说是他当时的代表作。 1951年赫尔曼为警匪片《危险地区》的配乐已经日趋成熟，奠定了赫尔曼派的音乐风格。1952年伯纳德.赫尔曼在亨利.金导演的电影《乞力马扎罗的雪》中的配乐尤为出色，既有平缓温馨的格调，又有惊悚震撼的气势。 1955年是赫尔曼音乐生涯的一个重要转折。这时著名导演阿尔弗雷德.希区柯克正在为新片《哈里的麻烦》物色配乐人。这部电影和希区柯克以往的作品不同，它是一部轻松的喜剧片。一个值得信赖的朋友向他推荐了伯纳德.赫尔曼。赫尔曼为该片谱写了一曲《希区柯克的肖像》，这首音乐与影片中忧郁之秋的景色达成了完美的一致。《希区柯克的肖像》中开始以一段喇叭作为前奏，此灵感来源于影片的开篇部分，后来又出现了一段半疯狂的、跳跃的华尔兹，随后是高雅、动人的田园爱情旋律。这是赫尔曼本人最喜爱的配乐之一。这部电影本身是一部黑色喜剧，讲述一具被埋有总被掘的尸体的故事。同年，赫尔曼还为刚开播的大型电视系列剧《希区柯克剧场》和后来的《希区柯克时刻》（1962-1965）配乐，并创造了著名的《木偶葬礼进行曲》，十年来的电视节目上每一集《希区柯克剧场》开场都能听到这首轻快自然的音乐。 1956年伯纳德.赫尔曼继续为希区柯克的重拍片《知道太多事情的人》配乐。这次赫尔曼采用的是古典音乐，尤其是在片中行刺首相的“阿拉伯特音乐厅”一场戏中他亲自扮演乐队指挥家。在这里我们还可以一睹赫尔曼的音乐指挥。次年，希区柯克的《伸冤记》中赫尔曼有机会暂时脱离当时统治银幕的爵士乐。 1958年，电影《眩晕》是希区柯克的代表作之一，也是赫尔曼推出的第一部完整的电影原声专辑，《眩晕》的音乐是电影音乐史上一部伟大的杰作。赫尔曼从瓦格纳那里获得灵感，用小提琴和高超部分的长号构筑了一种完全浪漫色彩的精神狂躁，影片中每一处暗示都是与音乐动机同步的。音乐和电影中对于精神上的迷恋和神秘的迷幻色彩配合得天衣无缝，简直就是天造地和。专辑中10分钟的组曲还包括“前奏曲”及最后的“噩梦”舞曲等。1959年，伯纳德.赫尔曼为希区柯克的另一部经典《西北偏北》配乐，赫尔曼式的音乐得到了充分的发挥，音乐随着剧情高潮迭起。 1960年希区柯克的《精神病患者》中的交响乐与提琴独奏和《西北偏北》中的配乐被认为是当时最大胆的构思。在《精神病患者》中，赫尔曼回忆希区柯克对他提的要求：“你想怎么干都行，只是一点，洗澡时的谋杀不要配乐。那必须没有音乐。”幸好赫曼是个独立的作曲家，他用小提琴制造出的杀气跟这部经典影片本身在电影史上的成就一样，在电影音乐史上也留下了不可磨灭的痕迹。尤其是这段经典的浴室谋杀场景的配乐竟成为渲染暴力谋杀的经典音乐，它给观众带来的感官刺激是前所未有的。 1963年，希区柯克拍摄电影《鸟》请赫尔曼做音乐总监，赫尔曼采用了以群鸟的鸣叫声来代替音乐。1964年的《玛尔妮》是赫尔曼为希区柯克的最后配乐。它带有神秘的迷幻色彩的略带神经质的味道。生机勃勃的号角前奏、小提琴的杂乱无章、平缓细腻的曲调再次奠定了音乐大师的魅力。1966年，赫尔曼在为《冲破铁幕》谱曲的时候被希区柯克炒了鱿鱼。希区柯克本来就是一个控制欲极强的人，再加上赫尔曼的婚姻危机，多年的友谊竟这样不欢而散。后来，伯纳德.赫尔曼还和希区柯克的崇拜者法国导演弗朗索瓦.特吕弗和被称为“希区柯克接班人”的美国导演布莱恩.德.帕尔玛各合作了两次。先是与特吕弗合作了《华氏451摄氏度》（1966）和《黑衣新娘》（1967）；和帕尔玛的《奇胎怪案》（1973）、《迷情记》（1976）。伯纳德.赫尔曼的最后一部作品是由马丁.斯克塞斯导演的《出租汽车司机》（1976）。

Herrmann is most closely associated with the director Alfred Hitchcock. He wrote the scores for every Hitchcock film from The Trouble with Harry (1955) to Marnie (1964), a period which included Vertigo, Psycho, and North by Northwest. He oversaw the sound design in The Birds (1963), although there was no actual music in the film as such, just electronically created bird sounds.

The music for the remake of The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) was only partly by Herrmann. The two most significant pieces of music in the film—the song, "Que Sera, Sera", and the Storm Cloud Cantata played in the Royal Albert Hall—are not by Herrmann at all (although he did re-orchestrate the cantata by Australian-born composer Arthur Benjamin written for the earlier Hitchcock film of The Man Who Knew Too Much from 1934). However, this film did give Herrmann an acting role: he is the orchestral conductor in the Albert Hall scene.

Herrmann's most recognizable music is from another Hitchcock film, Psycho, Unusual for a thriller, the score uses only the string section of the orchestra. The screeching violin music heard during the famous shower scene (which Hitchcock originally suggested have no music at all) is one of the most famous moments from all film scores.

His score for Vertigo is seen as just as masterful. In many of the key scenes Hitchcock let Herrmann's score take center stage, a score whose melodies, echoing Richard Wagner's "Liebestod" from Tristan und Isolde, dramatically convey the main character's obsessive love for the woman he tries to shape into a long-dead, past love.

A notable feature of the Vertigo score is the ominous two-note falling motif that opens the suite — it is a direct musical imitation of the two notes sounded by the fog horns located at either side of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco (as heard from the San Francisco side of the bridge). This motif has direct relevance to the film, since the horns can be clearly heard sounding in just this manner at Fort Point, the spot where the character played by Kim Novak jumps into the bay.

Bernard Herrmann said, in a question-and-answer session at the George Eastman Museum in October 1973, that unlike most film composers who did not have any creative input into the style and tone of the score, Herrmann insisted on creative control or he would not score the film at all:

I have the final say, or I don’t do the music. The reason for insisting on this is simply, compared to Orson Welles, a man of great musical culture, most other directors are just babes in the woods. If you were to follow their taste, the music would be awful. There are exceptions. I once did a film The Devil and Daniel Webster with a wonderful director William Dieterle. He was also a man of great musical culture. And Hitchcock, you know, is very sensitive; he leaves me alone. It depends on the person. But if I have to take what a director says, I’d rather not do the film. I find it’s impossible to work that way.[2]

Herrmann stated that Hitchcock would invite him on to the production of a film and depending on his decision of the length of the music, would either expand or contract the scene. It was Hitchcock who asked Herrmann for the "recognition scene" near the end of Vertigo (the scene where Jimmy Stewart's character suddenly realizes Kim Novak's identity) to be played with music.

Herrmann's relationship with Hitchcock came to an abrupt end when they disagreed over the score for Torn Curtain. Reportedly pressured by Universal's front office, Hitchcock wanted a score that was more jazz- and pop-influenced. Hitchcock's biographer, Patrick McGilligan, stated that Hitchcock was worried about becoming old fashioned and felt that Herrrmann's music had to change with the times as well; Herrmann initially agreed, but then went ahead and scored the film according to his own ideas in any case.[2]

Hitchcock listened to only the prelude of the score before turning off a recording of the music and angrily confronting Herrmann about the pop score he had promised. Herrmann, equally incensed, bellowed, "Look, Hitch, you can't outjump your own shadow. And you don't make pop pictures. What do you want with me? I don't write pop music." Hitchcock unrelentingly insisted that Herrmann change the score, violating Herrmann's general claim for creative control that he had always been maintained in their previous films. Herrmann then said, "Hitch, what's the use of my doing more with you? I had a career before you, and I will afterwards."[3]

According to McGilligan, Herrmann later tried to patch up and repair the damage with Hitchcock, but Hitchcock refused to see him. Herrmann's unused score was later commercially recorded, initially by Elmer Bernstein for his Film Music Collection subscription record label (reissued by Warner Bros. Records), and later, in a concert suite adapted by Christopher Palmer, by Esa-Pekka Salonen and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra for Sony. Some of Herrmann's cues for Torn Curtain were later post-synched to the final cut, where they showed how remarkably attuned the composer was to the action, and how, arguably, more effective his score could have been.

Ironically, Herrmann had composed some jazz for the "picnic" scene in Citizen Kane and he later used some jazz elements (much in the vein of Maurice Ravel's two piano concertos) for The Wrong Man when he scored the nightclub scenes showing Henry Fonda as a double bass player in a jazz band, and for Taxi Driver.

Herrmann subsequently moved to England, where he was hired by François Truffaut to write the score for Fahrenheit 451 and, later, for The Bride Wore Black. His final work, the score for Taxi Driver, received high acclaim.

Some music and film critics note that Hitchcock's later films are less effective for lack of Herrmann's contribution.

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Bernard Herrmann　伯纳德·赫尔曼

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Bernard Herrmann 伯纳德·赫尔曼

艺人介绍

热门评论

最新简评（共106条）

Bernard Herrmann　伯纳德·赫尔曼